South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology : Query result

Proto-!Wi : *kV

Meaning : 1st p. pronoun?

|Xam : ka (B.), kĕ, kkĕ, kĭ, kkĭ (Ll.)

//Ng : ke, ki

Notes : According to Bleek, the stem only appears as an oblique one or as subject in subordinate clauses. The form ke is also attested for Masarwa, but outside of that, no evidence for its presence anywhere other than in !Wi is available.

References : Bleek 74, 85, 91.

Proto-!Wi : *kVrV

Stems : round

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : kwóŕŕekwóŕŕe (B.), kkuérrekkuérrĕ (Ll.)

//Ng : kǝkɛriŋ

References : Bleek 113; Bleek 1929: 71.

Proto-!Wi : *kxam

Meaning : right

|Xam : k"am (B.)

References : Bleek 119.

Proto-!Wi : *kxã[Ṽ]-

Meaning : to drink

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : k"wã, k"wă^ŋṅ, k"o̥á^ŋ, k"o̥ẽ̄, k"wē_^ŋ (B.); k"wă^ŋ, k"wī̃, k"wū^ŋ (Ll.)

//Ng : k"ā, k"ã, k"ẽ, ||k"ã

N|huki : kxʔa, kxʔã, kxʔǝi, kxʔǝ̃ĩ

#Khomani : kxʔwã, kxʔwẽ, kxʔã, kxʔeĩ (Mg.)

//Kxau : kxʔati

//Ku//e : kwã, ||k"wãĩ

Seroa : õaw (Wu.)

!Gã!ne : kxʔā

//Xegwi (Batwa) : k"ā, ||k"ẽ

|Auni : k"a(a), k"ẽ, ||k"a

|Haasi : kxa

Notes : Numerous vocalic variants (*kxẽ, *kxẽĩ, etc.) probably reflect various class suffixes. Nasalisation is frequent enough to suggest its inherent character (cf. also external data).

References : Bleek 109, 116, 117, 120, 121, 126, 153, 601, 604, 609; NFn; Meinhof 1929: 188; Story 21.

Proto-!Wi : *kxɛ́ĩ

Meaning : 1 to laugh 2 to tease, deceive

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : k"é_ink"ē_in 2 (B.); k"wé^ŋ-a, k"wé-ĩ, k"wĩ-ã, k"u̥ī́^ŋ-ã, k"wī̃ya 1 (B.); k"wĕ^ŋ-ă^ŋ 1 (Ll.); k"ẽ̄ĩ, k"ẽ̄iyă^ŋ 2 (Ll.)

//Ng : k"aiʔã 1

#Khomani : kxʔaiʔa 1 (Dk.); kxʔãĩ̃, kxʔãĩa, kxʔaiŋ, kxʔwẽĩ 1 (Mg.)

//Xegwi (Batwa) : kxʔẽĩ (LH)

References : Bleek 7, 117, 118, 122-23, 127, 128; LHa 103.

Proto-!Wi : *kxoa

Meaning : to cry, sound

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : k"wā, k"o̥ā́ (B.); k"wā (Ll.)

//Ng : k"ā

#Khomani : kxʔwa, kxʔa, kxʔeija (Mg.)

//Xegwi (Batwa) : k"ā

|Auni : k"a; ǂkai (?)

References : Bleek 117, 118, 126, 654; Maingard 245.

Proto-!Wi : *ŋ

Meaning : I, me

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ṅ, n, m [P-], emph. ṅ-ṅ (B.); ing, inng; mm [P-] (Lich.)

//Ng : n, ŋ; m [P-]

N|huki : ng, na

#Khomani : ŋ, n, na; m [P-] (Dk.); nja, ŋkja, ŋkje, ŋ, ʔŋ, emph. n-|ŋ, ʔŋʔŋ, an; iŋkje (Mg.)

//Kxau : n, ń̥, ṅ

//Ku//e : ŋ, nie; m [P-]

Seroa : ʔn

!Gã!ne : n, ŋ, ŋe; aŋe

//Xegwi (Batwa) : n, ŋ, aŋ; m, am [P-]

|Auni : n, ŋ, an, na, ne; m [P-]

|Haasi : n, ŋ; m [P-]

Khatia : n

References : Bleek 9, 10, 69, 131-32, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148; NFn; Maingard 244; Meinhof 1929: 186.

Proto-!Wi : *oa[i]

Meaning : springbok

|Xam : wai, wāī, whāī (B.), whāī, wai (Ll.)

Notes : An isolated |Xam root. The common !Wi root for "springbok" is *ɡ!ai.

References : Bleek 251.

Proto-!Wi : *qʔi (?)

Meaning : woman

//Xegwi (Batwa) : (kwi)-qʔiŋ (LH)

References : LHa 99.

Proto-!Wi : *qab- (?)

Meaning : (ostrich) eggshell

|Xam : -x`àbbu (Ll.)

//Ku//e : k"ibi

|Auni : abu

Khatia : ǂkḁa (?)

Notes : $Irregular vocalism in ||Ku||e. Khatia form questionable (as is the entire root; some forms may be borrowed from CKH, some contaminated with "egg").

References : Bleek 6, 123, 255, 654.

Proto-!Wi : *qhai

Meaning : good

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : tw̄́aï-ĩ, to̥ā́ï-í^ŋ (B.); ttwāī ĭ^ŋ "comfortable, well, better" (Ll.)

//Ng : kiai, kiḁi

N|huki : ćhĩn ćhi, ćhĩn ki

Seroa : tae

|Auni : xwe, xwoi

|Nusan : toai

References : Bleek 92, 188, 207, 243, 262, 631; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *qhi (?)

Meaning : hand

//Xegwi (Batwa) : qhii (LH)

References : LHa 99.

Proto-!Wi : *qhi (?)

Meaning : hand

//Xegwi (Batwa) : qhii (LH)

References : LHa 99.

Proto-!Wi : *Qoa(^ŋ)

Meaning : to resemble

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ||khõa, ||kóä, ||kõä, k"óä, k"óa, k"waṅ, k"wã (B.), ||kho, ||kho_, ||kóä, ||kŏ^ŋä́, ||khóä, ||khó^ŋä̆, k"waṅ, k"woṅ (Ll.)

References : Bleek 124, 126, 127, 575, 583.

Proto-!Wi : *que

Meaning : ostrich

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : tōë, tōï, tóï (B.), ttṓï (Ll.)

//Ng : kúe

#Khomani : twe, tjwe, toi (Mg.)

//Kxau : toe, tūǝ

//Ku//e : toe

Seroa : tue-be

|Auni : toi; kō

References : Bleek 95, 104, 205, 207, 240, 244.

Proto-!Wi : *sa

Meaning : eland

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ssa, ssʔā (B.), ssā, ssāgǝn (Ll.)

//Ng : sa

N|huki : saʔa, tsʔaʔa, tsaa

!Gã!ne : tša

|Auni : sā

|Nusan : sā

References : Bleek 162, 224; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *sa

Meaning : to bring, give

//Ng : sa, saa, tsa

//Kxau : ṅsa

//Xegwi (Batwa) : sa, see

|Auni : saa

References : Bleek 149, 161, 162, 166, 209; Meinhof 1929: 185.

Proto-!Wi : *sã

Meaning : buchu

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ssá^ŋ (Ll.)

//Ng : sã

N|huki : tsaã

|Nusan : tsẽ

References : Bleek 162, 214; \X<1.144>NFn\x.

Proto-!Wi : *si

Meaning : this

//Ng : -si

#Khomani : -si "noun suffix" (Mg.)

//Kxau : si

|Auni : -si

References : Bleek 168; Maingard 142.

Proto-!Wi : *si~*sa

Meaning : we (excl.)

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : si (B.); ssi, ssĭ́-ssĭ, ssi-ssi (Ll.)

//Ng : si

N|huki : sa (excl.), si (incl.) [?]

#Khomani : si, sa (Mg.)

//Kxau : si

//Ku//e : si

!Gã!ne : si

|Auni : si, se; tsĩʔa

|Nusan : si

References : Bleek 161, 165, 168, 170, 217; NFn; Maingard 244; Meinhof 1929: 188.